Investment Management Essay Example for Free

Speculation Management Essay Both speculative stock investments and shared assets are â€Å"pooled† instruments, yet there are a larger number of contrasts than similitudes between them. Three sorts of contrasts will present in the accompanying part which are system, hazard and prize. Technique: The multifaceted investments supervisors have less cutoff points to manage, they can undercut, use subordinates and use influence, and else, they can likewise change the system essentially in the event that they think it is proper. The common reserve administrators can't be as adaptable as flexible investments directors. In the event that they changes the methodology of the reserve, the might be blamed for â€Å"style drift†. Hazard: As multifaceted investments are overseen significantly more forceful than the shared store, they can take theoretical situations in subordinate protections and can short sell stocks. This will clearly expand the influence and the danger of the store. Common assets are something contrary to the multifaceted investments, taking profoundly utilized positions isn't permitted and directors should take strong technique to make the assets safe. Prize: Hedge finances take a forceful system which has high dangers to look for total returns (it implies they need to create positive return regardless of what the market execution is). Shared finances are overseen comparative with a file benchmark which implies their arrival is consistent on the grounds that they are decided on their difference from that benchmark. 3. Exchange opportunity 3. 1 According to the contextual investigation, during the IPO of Ubid, there is just 20% value offer to open, and staying 80% will convey to CC’s investors following a half year. The exchange opportunity is show up in such a case that we own CC’s share that we will get Ubid’s share following a half year. In that reason, we should frame a portfolio which consolidates long situation of CC and short situation of Ubid. In Dec 9, there was 10,238,703 CC’s share exceptional and 9,146,883 Ubid’s share remarkable. Anyway the 80% of Ubid’s offer will conveyed to CC’s investors following half year of IPO. In that reason, we can accept that 80% of Ubid’s share is exposed to CC’s share. (10,238,703? 80%)/9,146,883=0. 715 If we have long situation on 1 portion of CC, we should take 0. 715 short situation of Ubid’s share. 3. 2 Based on the yield in area 3. 1, the exchange opportunity has emerge when we have 1 long situation on CC’s offer and 0. 15 short situation on Ubid’s share. Along these lines we need short sell the Ubid’s offer and purchase CC’s share. Accept that we purchase 1 portion of CC and short sell 0. 715 portion of Ubid. Following a half year later. What's more, following a half year, the 80% Ubid’s offer will disperse to CC’s investors, hence, following a half year we have 1 portion of CC will get 0. 715 portion of Ubid. Subject to 1 portion of CC, we have 0. 715 offer short situation of Ubid. In that reason we will have a portfolio that join 1 long situation of CC and 0. 715 short situation of Ubid. The complete result of portfolio is whole of result in both position is: Price of CC following half year cost of CC + 0. 715? cost of Ubid. As we notice previously, our arrival is the all out result of portfolio. As per the condition of result of portfolio, even the cost of CC is drop to Zero, we likewise will produce positive return which is value distinction among Ubid and CC, and this is our base return Price contrast of Ubid and CC is 0. 715? 35. 6875-22. 75=2. 767 and the underlying edge is half for long and short position, thusly the capital required is half? 2. 75+50%? 35. 6875=29. 22. The base pace of return is 4. Dangers in exchange The exchange implies that speculators discover impermanent hazard free benefit from misprice at wasteful market. In this manner, arbitrageurs will confront chance lower than different financial specialists. Notwithstanding, some of dangers can confine arbitrageur to look for hazard free benefit. Right off the bat, arbitrageurs need to shoulder th e crucial hazard. In spite of the fact that arbitrageurs can wipe out unsystematic (firm-explicit) chance by portfolio expansion, they can't alleviate methodical hazard which emerges from advertise contracture. This lead to some of awful news or strategies can cause negative impacts on fundament esteem and arbitrageurs’ benefits. In this way, the major hazard can confine arbitrageurs to put resources into wasteful market. Besides, clamor merchant hazard will restrain exchange. High rates of clamor dealers who settle on unreasonable venture of choice in market will lead cost and hazard level to be diverse with anticipated level for arbitrageurs, and cause misprice to be decreased. Along these lines the benefit of exchange will be limit by commotion dealer hazard. At last, arbitrageurs will likewise confront high actualize cost. Execute cost incorporates commission, offer ask spread, value sway, short sell cost and recognizable proof expense. Significant expense will cause arbitrageur misfortune enthusiasm on looking for misprice in wasteful market.

American Political Climate Leading Up To Affirmative Action In The 1990s

American Political Climate Leading Up To Affirmative Action In The 1990s Positive ActionAmerica was established on the rule that each man was made equivalent and each had their own entitlement to life, freedom and the quest for joy. Notwithstanding, the social develop of race made a country that considered uniquely to be somewhat individuals as the man alluded to in our Constitution; whites. Since the beginning of bondage in this country more than 350 years prior there has been an implicit comprehension about the social pecking order by which this current country's kin would withstand, and the confinements of access to life, freedom and the quest for satisfaction that a few gatherings couldn't surpass. In 1863 Lincoln gave the Emancipation Proclamation that eviscerated bondage in the United States, be that as it may, hundreds of years after the fact, the apparition of subjection despite everything stays as prejudice. In spite of the fact that prejudice inside our establishments is substantially more straightforward now than it has been truly, it is still extremely common and especially an obstruction to non-whites in America.English: Photo of the front of Plessy v. Ferguson ...Thus, frameworks like Affirmative Action that energize ethnic and sexual orientation decent variety have been grasped by schools and businesses the same so as to even the playing field and correct a very long time of social drawback by working harder to acknowledge or employ the individuals who have been truly distraught. This paper is an assessment of the history and development of Affirmative Action in the United States of America.In light of the Civil War, with south as a recuperating segment that was involved by association troops until 1877 (in view of remaking), United States enactment mirrored a northern compassion toward the situation of the recently liberated slaves in the south. The disputable Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 that liberated all slaves in the outskirt and withdrawal states (which lead toward the Northern triumph in the common war bec ause of their mind-boggling labor) was a conspicuous turn around in...

Amusement Park free essay sample

Presentation Diversion and amusement parks are terms for a gathering of amusement attractions and rides and different occasions in an area for the satisfaction in huge quantities of individuals. An entertainment mecca is more detailed than a basic city park or play area, typically giving attractions intended to provide food explicitly to particular age gatherings, just as some that are pointed towards all ages. Event congregations advanced in Europe from fairs and delight gardens which were made for people groups diversion. The most established entertainment mecca on the planet (opened 1583) is Bakken, at Klampenborg, north of Copenhagen, Denmark. In the United States, universes fairs and articles were another effect on advancement of the entertainment mecca industry. Most entertainment meccas have a fixed area, when contrasted with voyaging funfairs and jubilees. These brief sorts of entertainment meccas are generally present for a couple of days or weeks out of each year, for example, funfairs in the United Kingdom, and jubilees (incidentally set up in an empty parcel or parking garages) and fairs (briefly worked in a reasonable ground) in the United States. The impermanent idea of these fairs assists with passing on the inclination that individuals are in a better place or time. In like manner language, amusement park is regularly utilized as an equivalent word for the term entertainment mecca. An amusement park is really an unmistakable style of event congregation, for an amusement park has finishing, structures, and attractions that depend on at least one explicit or focal topics. A majority of subjects isn't required to be viewed as a Theme park. In spite of the long history of event congregations, where numerous parks have generally consolidated topics into the developing structure and activity of the recreation center, qualifying a recreation center as an amusement park, the primary park worked with the first intension of advancing a particular (or selective arrangement of) theme(s), Santa Claus Land (as of now known as Holiday World Splashin Safari) situated in Santa Claus, Indiana, didn't open until 1946. Disneyland, situated in Anaheim, California, worked around the idea of epitomizing numerous amusement parks into a solitary event congregation is regularly erroneously noted as the first themed entertainment mecca. Affirmation PRICES AND ADMISSION POLICIES Amusement stops gather a lot of their income from confirmation charges paid by visitors going to the recreation center. Other income sources incorporate stopping expenses, food and drink deals and gifts. For all intents and purposes all event congregations work utilizing one of two affirmation standards Pay-as-you-go In this organization, a visitor enters the recreation center at practically zero charge. The visitor should then buy rides separately, either at the attractions entrance or by buying ride tickets (or a comparable trade strategy, similar to a token). The expense of the fascination is frequently founded on its intricacy or prominence. For instance, a visitor may pay one pass to ride a merry go round yet four passes to ride a thrill ride. The recreation center may permit visitors to buy boundless admissions to all attractions inside the recreation center. A wristband or pass is then appeared at the fascination access to pick up affirmation. Disneyland opened in 1955 utilizing the pay-more only as costs arise group. At first, visitors paid the ride confirmation charges at the attractions. Inside a brief timeframe, the issues of taking care of such a lot of coins prompted the improvement of a ticket framework that, while now out of utilization, is still piece of the carnival vocabulary. In this new arrangement, visitors bought ticket books that contained various tickets, marked A, B and C. Rides and attractions utilizing an A-ticket were commonly basic, with B-tickets and C-tickets utilized for the bigger, increasingly well known rides. Afterward, the D-ticket was included, at that point at last the now-renowned E-ticket, which was utilized on the greatest and most expand rides, similar to Space Mountain. Littler tickets could be exchanged up for use on bigger rides (I. e. , a few A-tickets would rise to a solitary B-ticket). Disneyland, just as the Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World, surrendered this training in 1982. The benefits of pay-more only as costs arise incorporate the accompanying: visitors pay for just what they decide to encounter fascination expenses can be changed effectively to support utilize or profit by notoriety The impediments of pay-more only as costs arise incorporate the accompanying: visitors may become weary of going through cash persistently visitors may not spend as much on food or keepsakes Pay-one-value An entertainment mecca utilizing the address one-cost configuration will charge visitors a solitary, huge affirmation expense. The visitor is then qualified for utilize all or all the more frequently practically the entirety of the attractions in the recreation center as regularly as they wish during their visit. The recreation center for the most part has a few attractions that are excluded from the confirmation charge; these are called up-charge attractions and can incorporate bungee hopping or go-kart tracks or rounds of expertise. Be that as it may, most of the parks attractions are remembered for the confirmation cost. The â€Å"pay-one-price† ticket was first utilized by George Tilyou at Steeplechase Park, Coney Island in 1897. The extra charge was $0. 25 for access to the 15-section of land (61,000 m2) park and guests could appreciate the entirety of the attractions as much as they needed. At the point when Angus Wynne, originator of Six Flags Over Texas, first visited Disneyland in 1959, he noticed that parks pay-more only as costs arise position as motivation to make his park follow through on one-cost. He felt that a family would be bound to visit his park on the off chance that they knew, in advance, the amount it would cost to join in. The benefits of follow through on one-cost include: Guests can all the more effectively spending plan their visit. visitors might be bound to encounter a fascination theyve effectively paid for lower costs for the recreation center administrators, since ticket-takers are not required at every fascination The inconveniences of follow through on one-cost include: visitors will frequently be paying for attractions that they don't ride or visit visitors who are basically coming just to be with their families should pay in any case Todays present day amusement stops normally charge a solitary affirmation expense for confirmation and boundless utilization of attractions, rides, and shows, though most current event congregations offer free affirmation yet charge separate charges per fascination. RIDES AND ATTRACTIONS Mechanized rush machines are what makes a carnival out of a peaceful, loosening up outing woods or retreat. Soonest rides incorporate the merry go round which was initially evolved as a method of rehearsing and afterward flaunting ability at competition aptitudes, for example, riding and skewering the ring. By the nineteenth century, merry go rounds were basic in parks the world over. Another such ride which molded the eventual fate of the carnival was the exciting ride. Starting as a winter sport in seventeenth century Russia, these gravity driven railways were the start of the quest for considerably all the more exciting carnival rides. The Columbian Exposition of 1893 was a specific fruitful proving ground for beguilement rides. The Ferris wheel is the most perceived result of the reasonable. Numerous rides are set cycle a subject. A recreation center contains a blend of attractions which can be separated into a few classes. Rush rides There is a center arrangement of rush rides which most event congregations have, including the endeavor, tilt-a-spin, the gravitron, chairswing, swinging inverter boat, twister, and the top turn. Be that as it may, there is consistent development, with new minor departure from approaches to turn and toss travelers around showing up with an end goal to continue drawing in clients. e. g. thunder @ Essel world Roller napkins, for example, the Behemoth, at Canadas Wonderland, have quick and steep drops from high heights. Since the late nineteenth century, carnivals have included thrill rides. Crazy rides include steep drops, sharp bends, and reversals. Thrill rides might be the most appealing part of a recreation center, yet numerous individuals want different reasons. Event congregations by and large have somewhere in the range of two to seven napkins, contingent upon space and financial plan. Starting at 2012, the record for the most liners in a single park is held by Six Flags Magic Mountain and Cedar Point with 17; Canadas Wonderland with 16; Kings Island and Kings Dominion with 14. Train rides Amusement park trains have had long and differed history in American event congregations just as abroad. As indicated by different sites and history specialists, the most punctual park trains werent truly trainsâ€they were streetcars. The soonest park trains were generally specially constructed. The absolute most regular makers were: Allan Herschfield Cagney Brothers Chance Rides (C. P. Huntington Train) Water rides Entertainment meccas with water assets for the most part highlight a couple of water rides, for example, the log flume, guard vessels, rapids and paddling pontoons. Such rides are normally gentler and shorter than crazy rides and many are reasonable for all ages. Water rides are particularly well known on hot days. Dim rides Overlapping with both train rides and water rides, dull rides are encased attractions in which benefactors travel in guided vehicles along a foreordained way, through a variety of lit up scenes which may incorporate lighting impacts, movement, other enhancements, music and recorded exchange. Transport rides Transport rides are utilized to take a lot of visitors starting with one territory in the recreation center then onto the next. They as a rule cost extra, even in parks where rides are free. They are commonly well known as they offer an option in contrast to strolling. Transport rides incorporate chairlifts, monorails, and train rides. Dippin Dots, a frozen yogurt stand that shows up at a few carnivals in the United States. Event congregations create a bit of their salary through the offer of food and drink to their benefactors. Food is routinely sold through food stalls, push trucks and indoor eateries. The contributions differ as broadly as the event congregations themselves, and range from normal inexpensive food things, similar to cheeseburgers, sausages, cotton sweets, candy apples, doughnuts and neighborhood road nourishments up to full-support gourmet dishes. Entertainment meccas with intriguing subjects may incorporate forte things or luxuries identified with the parks topic. Numerous eateries and food stands ar

How Technology has Influenced the Growth of Toyota Company - 275 Words

How Technology has Influenced the Growth of Toyota Company (Article Sample) Content: TechnologyNameInstitutionTechnologyTechnology has been applied in many industry to bring more efficiency and help ease the workload carried out in the industries. Taking focus on Toyota industry, apart from the positive results that technology has brought into the company, there are several limitations that it has to the company. Security. The information regarding accounting in a computerized program is limited to the quality of the program itself and the security of the company (Huang, Zhang, Guo, Zhu, Porter, 2014). Therefore, any information that is poorly protected in the programs and databases leaves an avenue for hackers or unauthorized personnel to access all the information pertaining to finance of the company. These information may be used for malicious purposes that could end up hurting the company and its employees if their financial information is accessed. Another limitation is the ever changing technology. Due to the rapid change of technology, the te chnology may become outdated over time thus it would require additional cost to upgrade the existing systems. Technology requires knowledgeable staff members in order for it to be effective in its application. Therefore, user error could create a potential threat that could result into incorrect use of the technology thus affecting the company negatively (Huang et al., 2014).Technology is accompanied by several risks. Hardware and software failure may result into power loss or data corruption which may make the companys information inaccessible. In addition, malwares may disrupt the computer operations. Hackers may break into the computer systems and get information of the company thus exposing the company to potential threats. Moreover, technology may be used for fraudulent purposes thus going against the law (Huang et al., 2014). In order to limit the risks I would recommend the use of physical safeguards that provides workstation security, control facility access. In ad...

Inclusive Practice in the Primary School. - 2077 Words

How inclusive is Frederick Bird Primary School as a learning community? ‘Inclusive education is an unabashed announcement, a public and political declaration and celebration of difference.’ (Corbett, J. 2001:134) The principles of inclusion and their implications on school practice have been fiercely debated by leading educational experts for many years. In 1994, delegates from 92 governments met at the world conference on special needs education, to consider policy changes that would enable educators to provide inclusive education for all. The result of this conference was the adoption of ‘The Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action’ which provides recommendations and stipulations for the ‘planning and implementation’ of inclusive†¦show more content†¦This is an essential exercise for any school striving to be inclusive. Ainscow (2007:3) argues that the biggest challenge facing the education system, is the development of practices that will reach out to learners failed by existing arrangements. It is my belief that the most effective way of tackling this matter is through this collaborative way of working. This enables practitioners to challenge and redefine entrenched views of ‘difference’ that can have a negative impact on certain types of learners and find new ways of moving forward. This ethos is reflected in every day teaching and learning. Every child within the school is treated respectfully as an individual and lessons are strategically planned to accommodate all needs and aspirations. The level of differentiation employed can be seen clearly in the case of ‘Kyle’. Kyle is a popular and intelligent Year 6 student. He is an all round sports enthusiast who relishes any opportunity to take part in team experiences and possesses excellent leadership skills. However, Kyle is dyslexic and came to Year 6 disengaged with his learning and lacking in self-esteem and motivation. It was through open conversations with previous teachers and his parents that we were able to establish the basis for Kyle’s disconnection with the curriculum. Kyle viewed himself as an incapable underachiever due to the ability level of the work he was expected to produce. ThroughShow MoreRelatedIndonesia Educational Landscape : Education931 Words   |  4 PagesIndonesia Educational Landscape Inclusive education has become part of Indonesia educational policy since 2009. Although the plethora of studies has addressed the notion of inclusive education, the implementation as indicated in several studies, however, is still problematic (Ainscow Sandill, 2010; Liasidou, 2015). In Indonesia, the inclusive education issue appears perplexing, because teachers and educators still confused with the rhetoric of inclusive education. Additionally, there is limitedRead MoreMy Experience As A Primary Teacher839 Words   |  4 Pagesthroughout my experience as a primary teacher for five years in British Schools, I realized that as a teacher, I need to include all the students with diverse abilities and to meet their learning needs. At the beginning, I found it challenging to practice the inclusive education strategy in my classroom, so I started to read more about the definition of inclusion and the factors that affect the teachers’ practical experience. Later, I was inspired by the relation between the inclusive education and the AustralianRead MoreOutline Policy And Regulatory Frame Work Essay1021 Words   |  5 Pagespolicy and regulatory frame work relating to inclusive practice. Education faces the challenge of enabling Students with special educational needs in school Inclusive. However, understanding what the public policies of inclusive education are The legal documents are fundamental to identify the advances and setbacks in the system educational. With the objective of contributing to the field of public policies of special education From an inclusive perspective, we seek to know the meaning, characterRead MoreEssay about Inclusion in Practice730 Words   |  3 Pagespeople 3.1 Explain what is meant by inclusion and inclusive practice 3.2 Identify barriers to children and young people’s participation Inclusive practice is a process of identifying, understanding and breaking down barriers to participation and belonging. Inclusion is about ensuring that children and young people, whatever their background or situation, are able to participate fully in all aspects of the life of the school. Inclusive practices will ensure that everyone feels valued and has a senseRead MoreThe Learning-Support Guidelines705 Words   |  3 Pagespractical advice for schools on the organisation of a positive school environment for children with SEN. Griffin and Shevlin (2007), note the significance of these developments in moulding the statutory structure of the 2004 EPSEN Act where and where the duties and responsibilities of school personnel and boards of management for SEN are outlined. This act, which holds schools responsible for SEN provision and management through its outline of the roles and responsibilities of school personnel and managementRead MorePolicies and Legislation Related To Inclusive Education Could Influence Society993 Words   |  4 PagesBriefly discuss how you believe policies and legislation related to Inclusive Education influence attitudes toward the way society accepts difference. As I have eagerly anticipated meeting my practical classes in the last three years, I take with me the knowledge that I will find a class that is full of unique individuals. These students will have different cultures, types of families, socioeconomic status and learning needs just to name a few of the diversities. Although this is the type of classRead MoreEquality, Diversity and Inclusion in Work with Children1275 Words   |  6 PagesUnit 204 Outcome 3 What is meant by Inclusive and Inclusion Practice? Inclusive practice is identifying and understanding any barriers that are stopping children from completing the activity. We have to make sure that whatever the child’s background they are able to fully join in with everything within the school. This will make the children feel valued and have a sense of belonging. Inclusion does not mean that we view each other the same or provide the same work, it is about making sure weRead MoreCommon Themes Of Inclusive Education Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesThe Discussion Findings The reviewed literature revealed several common themes regarding inclusive education. The first common theme is teacher attitudes toward inclusion. Almost all of the studies revealed that negative perspectives about inclusive education make schools that try to implement inclusive classrooms likely candidates for failure. One of the primary influencing factors of teachers’ negative perceptions is that of the teachers’ lack of confidence in their ability to teach specialRead MoreThere Are Four Primary Discipline Topics Mentioned Above1244 Words   |  5 Pages There are four primary discipline topics mentioned above addressed in the review of the literature for this research, which are the analysis of the primary conceptual framework for this investigation. The social model for Cultural Competence and Critical Race Theory (CRT), are the highlights of the dimensions that will influence the research through this exploratory participatory approach. This will be a case study utilizing a mixed method approach through social constructivist participatoryRead MorePrinciples, Policies Frameworks of Inclusive Schooling Essay1176 Words   |  5 PagesBriefly discuss how you believe policies and legislation related to Inclusive Education could influence attitudes towards the way society accepts difference. In recent times I believe there has been a heightened awareness regarding the necessity to develop Inclusive Classrooms that celebrate difference and cater for a diverse range of learning styles and needs. My belief is reflected in the increasing amount of policies and legislation being developed at both state and Commonwealth levels. These

Fall And Fall Related Injury - 1335 Words

Fall and fall related injury is a huge problem in hospital settings; however, the number of fall rate has been increasing as well as the cost of staying in the hospital too. Preventing the falls in acute care settings is challenge due to severally ill patients, mean age ranging from 64 to 74 years, increased numbers of hospital staying, and higher level of dependence (Abreu, Mendes, Monteiro, Santos, (2012). According to the Joint Commission (2015), the Medicare and Medicaid do not reimburse the cost if patient had fall in hospital. All the treatments and tests cost are provided by the hospital due to in-hospital falls. Because of many incidences of patient falls, it is a serious and known clinical problem to identify cause, understand†¦show more content†¦Based on evidence practice, the research study was completed in Midwest Hospital whereas 37 patients had fall in cardiac unit which was higher than their Nursing Quality Indicators benchmark. The goal was to improve educa tion in fall policy, fall prevention signs above the patient’s bed, and decrease overall total number of falls within a year (Cangany et al., 2015). The purpose of this study is to focus on prevalence of falls, identify the cause and implement the fall interventions strategies to prevent harm on patients and reduction in fall rates. Method of Study A quantitative method of study was involved to research on fall events and their characteristics. The event was developed in Portuguese University Hospital medical unit to understand the cause of the fall and how to prevent them. There were thirty three beds were used in different rooms with mostly diagnosed patient with pneumonias, respiratory, urinary infections, and liver cirrhosis. They also observed the patient movement level during morning, evening, and night shift to recognize the significant problems and identify the clinical situation. During that situation, many medical and nursing students were also involved to observe and learn how to improve the quality of care (Abreu et al., 2012). The article also indicates the completion of data recording through questionnaire, research project, and presents to the nursing team these events to identify the importance ofShow MoreRelatedThe Cost For Treating Fall Related Injuries2381 Words   |  10 Pagesis estimated that 1 in 3 adult s over 65 years of age will fall each year (Stanford Health Care, 2016). By the time seniors reach 80 years, the risk of falling is 1 in 2 persons (Stanford Health Care, 2016). Broken bones mean more medicine, doctors’ visits, and surgeries, increasing healthcare costs to both individuals and the medical system (Jang, M. S., Lee, Y. S., Kim, J. T. (2014). In 2013, the cost for treating fall-related injuries was more than $34 billion in the U.S. (NCSL, 20116). ThatRead MoreA literature Review on inpatient falls878 Words   |  4 Pageson inpatient falls NRS 433V August 3rd, 2014 A Literature Review on inpatient falls According to the reports published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Injury Centre (2007), falls are the third most common cause of unintentional injury death acrossRead MoreThe Health Problem Of The United States887 Words   |  4 PagesFall is unplanned descent to the floor with or without harm. Most falls occur due to multiple contributing factors such as muscle weakness, gait problems, environmental hazards, medications and many others (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). Many residents living in nursing home fall frequently. Falls are a serious health care issue, and the leading cause of injuries and death among older adults in nursing home. 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The severity of injury sustained from the inpatient fall is categorized as follows; minor: injury that results in the application of a dressing, ice, cleaning of a wound, limb elevation, or topical medication; moderate: injury that results in suturing of a wound, steri-strips, splinting, or fracture; major: injury that results in casting, tractionRead MorePrevention of Patient Falls1126 Words   |  5 PagesPatient Falls Patient falls is one of the commonest events within the healthcare facilities that affect the safety of the patients. Preventing falls among patients requires various methods. Recognition, evaluation, and preventing of patient falls are great challenges for healthcare workers in providing a safe environment in any healthcare setting. Hospitals have come together to understand the contributing factors of falls, and to decrease their occurrence and resulting injuries or death. Risk ofRead MoreFall Prevention Programs Are Not As Successful As Desired1364 Words   |  6 PagesProblem/Purpose This article’s main research problem was that most fall prevention programs depicted in hospitals were not as successful as desired. Despite implementation of the programs, hospitals still had a high rate of falls and/or injuries related to falls within their units. The purpose of this particular study was to solve this problem and examine the contribution of the response time to a patient’s call light and the fall related injuries in adult, in-patient facilities. Variables/Hypothesis/Questions/AssumptionsRead MoreOverview of the Fall Prevention Program900 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿The Fall Prevention Program Executive Summary The Purpose of the Program According to the Joint Commission Resources-JCR (2005), there is no universally accepted definition of a fall. Thus several definitions have been floated over time in an attempt to define the same. 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Conduct post fall reviews following individual falls and action related recommendations/interventions as appropriate MAINTENANCE / HOUSEKEEPING Support a safe environment of care (e.9. clean /dry floors, environmental checks, preventative maintenance..-) ALL STAFF, AGENCY AND/OR CONTRACT WORKERSRead MoreFall Accidents Caused By Accidents1014 Words   |  5 Pages Fall accidents have been determined to be the single main cause of injuries and fatalities in the construction industry in the United States. The numbers of construction related fatalities from falls have declined between the years of 2006 through 2010, but the problem of falls consumes one third of the construction industry work related fatalities. Construction related falls is at the top of the OSHA list of fatal four. Even with the staggering numbers involving construction and falls there has

Google Just Announced A Massive Overhaul â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Google Just Announced A Massive Overhaul? Answer: Introduction Every organization has an internal structure that clearly defines the role and responsibilities of employees to achieve the strategic business goals. Organizational structureprovides a broad picture of the managerial levels and how different tasks are grouped, divided and coordinated to accomplish the designated business goals. Its important to have a defined layout of an organization structure to get an insight into what and how employees function across different levels of an organization. There have been numerous studied conducted to elaborate on the organizational structure. Herein, the paper would focus on Tata Motors, LG, Google, Apple, Starbucks, LA Gear and how its organizational structure to achieve the strategic management goals. The companies display varied number of dimensions such as work force, products/services, management style etc. There are six major factors namely work specialization, departmentalization, chain of command, span of command, centralization/decentrali zation and formalization- defining the organizational framework. However, there are contingencies size, technology, strategy and environment- creating issues for the organization to achieve its predetermined business goals. This report would discuss the impact of these contingencies on the organizational structure of the companies to achieve the business goals. Organizational Structure Organizational structure defines how various roles and responsibilities are divided across multiple managerial levels to achieve the strategic business goals. There are various types and shapes of organizational structure to meet the needs and the wants of the end consumers. Herein the focus is on organizational structure of six different companies through six elementary building blocks. The six important elements laying down the foundation of an organization structure are as follows: Work Specialization: Work specialization could be defined as the degree to which overall task of an organization is divided into small components. These divided jobs are further worked upon to improve the cumulative output efficiency. These small tasks or works are repeated throughout the day for the workers to get fully trained. Since the work doesnt have difficult steps, workers can learn it easily and faster. This approach improves the output quality and controls cost in the production process (Thibodaux, 2012). This specialization requires workers to focus on the only designated task and ignoring all other tasks. An assembly line is a perfect example to show how each worker has specific task to perform in the production process. Tata Motors is a huge organization with various business units running parallel to derive the strategic objectives. Tata Motors is a USD 42 billion company with a vast product portfolio comprising of passenger cars, sports vehicles, buses, trucks and defence vehicles (www.tatamotors.com, n.d). Herein, the work specialization is high as the company churns out lakhs of passengers and commercial vehicles in a year. This heightened capacity could only be possible with high degree of work division to speed up the production capacity. There are many companies which exert excessive specialization. However, it creates problems with coordination between different teams and thus impacts the productivity (Daft and Marcic, 2010). As marketing competition grows, companies require skilled workers to meet the global challenges and meet their strategic goals. However, work specialization restricts the growth of the workers to a specific skill set only impacting the business goals. 1.1 History Work specialization is inspired from management concept, division of labour. It was during the `18th century, Scottish economist Adam Smith came out with the concept of division of labour and specialization (Thaker, 2008). He demonstrated how division of work between different workers in a pin factory produced more pins than delegating it all to one worker. Herein, specialization allows honing their skills in the designated tasks, thereby improving their individual proficiency. Hence the workers are likely to innovate more to improve their work. The same experiment was later repeated by Henry Ford in producing automobiles on an assembly line. He broke the entire manufacturing process into small parts where each part was performed by a separate individual. This experiment demonstrated that performance can be improved if work is divided and employees work in their specialized areas. The same principles have been adopted by Tata Motors to manufacture the number of cars per year. 1.2 Contingency factors Organizational structure provides a broad framework for companies to exert their authority and develop a communication blueprint. There are factors impacting the organizational structure of an organization. Lets discuss the organizational environment of Tata Motors with respect to four contingency factors: Size: Size of an organization is important to define the boundaries of an organization structure. Tata Motors is Indias leading automobile manufacturer with a workforce of touching 60,000 people. Founded in 1945, the company has managed to become the largest automobile manufacturer based on its revenue in 2016 (Thakkar, 2016). The larger the size of an organization, it becomes difficult to manage a delegate the roles and responsibilities across various levels of the management. Lately, Tata Motors had moved to a lean and agile structure from its previous 14 layers to only five to improve accountability amongst employees (Gopalan, 2017). This flat structure eliminates unnecessary middle layers and empowers the business units to become more accountable for their performance. the company has five grades, L1 to L5, with L1 being the top most level of management (Das, 2017). Thus, the employees would have to improve their work to stand accountable for their individual performance. Strategy: Strategy and structure go in sync with each other to achieve the end objectives. As a company changes its strategy, the organizational structure has to change to fit into the strategic needs. Given the changing consumer demand, Tata Motors is changing its strategy to improve the rate of production of new vehicles. SUV Hexa which is slated to launch next year has ushered in strategic changes in the companys organizational structure (Reuters, 2016). For instance, the company is mulling over the option to introduce two new modular platforms and remove six currently running platforms as part of its product strategy for the passenger car segment against the fierce competition from technology giants such asGoogleandUber (Kumar, 2017). It would require employees to be all the more proficient in their assigned job to deliver the deserving results and achieve these strategic moves. 1.2.3 Technology: Technology is a major contingency and impacts organizational structureand productivity by streamlining the internal communication and resource system. Technology could be in various forms such as knowledge, skills, machines, work procedures, resources etc. Tata Motors is eyeing new technologies to improve its lost market share. The automobile giant wants to introduce driver-assistance financial into its vehicles such as automated parking and collision avoidance (Peermohamed, 2016). The company is actively engaged to incorporate new technologies such as sensors, camera, and radar to enhance the value of its vehicles and match up to the global standards. It aims to launch two new vehicles every year (Chacko, 2015), and thus it calls for major changes in its organizational structure to facilitate such changes across various levels to achieve the intended objectives. 1.2.4 Corporate Environment: Environment has crucial role to influence the organizational structure. The stability and predictability of the environment could have direct impact on an organization to effectively operate its functions. Tata Motors has consolidated corporate environment to establish its core values and beliefs amongst the employees at all levels. In 2015-16, the companys market share slumped to 44% and 5.4 % in the commercial vehicles segment and passenger vehicles market respectively (Trefis Team, 2016). With restructuring plans in offing, the company eyes to pump more technologically sound vehicles in the market to grab a 50% market share and a double- digit market sharein the commercial vehicles and passenger vehicles market (Trefis Team, 2016). This level of planning requires the organization to make its organizational structure flexible to eliminate the unnecessary elements and bring more coherence across various management levels. Departmentalization Departmentalization allows division of business into strategic business units based on functions, geography, customer market, products or any other segregation criteria. As an organization grows in size, it is not feasible for one manager to supervise all the work. Thus, different departments are formed to effective divide the varied aspects of business in separate units. It basically groups different jobs into separate singular unit (Adeyoyin, 2015). Herein, LG electronics Inc would be discussed which has a centralized and hierarchical structure with four business units Home Appliance Air Solutions, Mobile Communications, Home Entertainment and Vehicle Components(www.lg.com, n.d.). The South Korean company has divided its core business into different departments with respective managerial setup to supervise all the business functions and operations. All the business operations, functions, processes and other important activities would happen under every strategic business unit to ensure that all the separate business units work independently. 2.1 History During the 20th century, Gulick and Urwick (1937) unveiled the concept of departmentalization by purpose and process. These were later labelled as functional and divisional organization (Burns, Bradley and Weiner, 2011). Over the years, complexity in business environment increased and it resulted in the introduction of many more divisions to simply the functions. The types of departmentalization are as follows: Functional departmentalization Herein, the important functions of the organization are divided into different sections for systematic activities. LG electronics has been divided into separate departments managing the primary activities such as production, finance, marketing, HR, RD and many more to boost the production. All the departments have their respective goals to achieve to help the organization attain its strategic goals. Product departmentalization: This depicts the division of business into number of distinct products manufactured. LG electronics has four main divisions namely home appliances Air Solution, Mobile Communication, Home Entertainment and Vehicle Components. The business units have different targets to accomplish. For instance, the company aims to increase the production capacity at its battery factory for Chevy Volt, Bolt EV, and Chrysler Pacifica to 3GWh (Lambert, 2017). Likewise, it has been increasing production capacity steadily to meet the rising market demand. Geographical departmentalization: This depicts the division of business into different geographic zones where the organization operates. In this organization structure, employees working in a specific geographic area or region report to one manager (DuBrin, n.d.). LG electronics has divided into business into different parts of the world such as Europe, North America, South America, Korea, PR China, Asia and ROW. Process departmentalization: This provides division of business in terms of different internal processes requisite to stimulate production to achieve strategic objectives. LG electronics has various processes depending on the product and its internal mechanization. Customer departmentalization: This depicts the division of business in terms of the types of consumers for its products. It requires clear identification of the specific needs and the wants of the consumers to form the basis of departmentalization. LG electronics has a wide range of consumers to cater to depending on the product divisions. For instance, the company will have independent managers for different products such as washing machine, fridge, smartphones etc. There are contingency factors shaping the organizational structure of LG electronics. The four common factors are explained as follows: Size: LG electronics has nearly 75,000 employees working across 118 locations around the world. The company has adopted a hierarchical organizational structure wherein except the CEO at the top management level, every employee has a supervising authority. The company has a broad product portfolio comprising of mobile handsets, air conditioners, flat panel TVs, washing machines DVD players and many more. Given the large size of the company, the organizational structure has been stretched to multiple layers of management. Since the company has global plans, it has tall structure to manage all the complexities. However, it does impact the effective decision making across various management levels. Technology: Companies use advanced technology in the form of software, information systems, or other specialized IT solutions to effective run business operations. It potentially reduces the time invested in completing business processes or jobs. Over years, LG electronics has been making sound progress in the field of technology to achieve its strategic goals. LG has been making plans to incorporating internet-of-things capabilities to its products to match the latest trends (Jung-a, 2017). The South Korean giant has opened new research centres to create and develop competitive technologies to exploit the potential of artificial intelligence and robotics (Jung-a, 2017). This would increase the capacity of the company to facilitate technology for improving the internal operations and communication across the management levels of the organizational structure. Corporate Environment: LG electronics has made a consolidated market position with its corporate environment encouraging growth and development. Despite of all the divisions, there should be standard values and beliefs for all the employees to embrace to render their services and increase profitability. LG encourages employees to spend couple of days every year in cultural training centres to get accustomed to the corporate values (Barry, 2000). They believe in creating transparent communication with the employees. Notwithstanding the job role, all the employees were made to participate in an innovative programme to discuss about the companys significant matters such as performance, working conditions etc (Barry, 2000). Since the departmentalization is on higher side, the corporate values are hard wired in all the initiatives. Strategy: LG has renewed interest in increasing the cost of premium TVs and other appliances to stimulate profitability and instigate strategic excellence (Lee, 2016). Given the global market competitiveness, the company is eyeing to focus on products and cost to gain competitive advantage. For instance, the company plans to come out with highly advanced products such as OLED TVs (LG Electronics USA, 2015). The company is focused to explore the potential of its wide range of value added products to improve growth opportunities around the world. Chain of command Chain of command depicts the hierarchy of reporting equation across management levels in an organization. It defines how power and authority is delegated to employees from top to the bottom level of the management in an organization. The chain of command is an effective tool for companies to maintain discipline and order whilst assigning accountability across the levels of management (Emisor, 2011). In the same vein, employees are supposed to own the responsibility of the job assigned by their supervisors. Thus, in most of the organizational structures, the line of command flows from top to bottom and line of accountability goes from bottom to top level of the management. If we refer to a standard chain of command, the President or the CEO is at the top of the hierarchy and immediate to him or her is the second line of reporting of the organizational hierarchy structure. The employees across the third line of organizational hierarchy structure reports to the previous one so on so for th. As the chain of command goes down, the power to take strategic decisions reduces but accountability increases. Herein, the organizational structure of Starbucks Coffee Company would be discussed to understand its chain of command. It has matrix organizational structure with a clear chain of command to establish proper accountability and responsibility (Meyer, 2017). With centralized decision-making, the authority of the managers flows sideways and of functional managers from top to bottom of the management to fulfil business needs. The company adopted a new organizational structure with three geographic regions, each headed by a president. The three regions are China and Asia Pacific, Americas (US, Mexico, Canada and Latin America) and EMEA (Europe, UK, Middle East, Russia and Africa) (Lindsay, 2012). The company product portfolio comprises of coffee, tea and many other types of beverages and food products (Annual Report, 2016). The matrix structure is complex wherein each employee has more than one supervisor to report and has multiple layers of authority. Whilst it may look complicated on s urface, it caters to dynamic market demand. 3.1 History Henri Fayol introduced the concept of unity of command (CMI, 2012) which states that a clear chain of command improves the decision-making process and hence the productivity of an organization. This hierarchical method for organizing information flow, decision making, power, and authority, assumes that each level of the organization is subordinate to the level to which it reports. He was of the view that once the command was opposed and authority is challenged, the discipline order across all the levels gets disturbed. The same principle was later supported by Gulick and Urwick who stated that administrative departments in the government offices are supervised by single authority (Marume and Jubenkanda, 2016). As organizations have expanded with the changing business environment, the chain of command has been stretching across multiple levels of management. There are factors governing the shape and design of an organization. The four common factors are as follows: Size: Starbucks is one of the largest coffee chains in the world. The company has tall matrix structure to support its varied products and brands Tata Motors is a large size organization with distinct business units. The company has over 3,00,000 employees with nearly 25, 734 stores expanded in 75 countries (news.starbucks.com, n.d.). This compels the organization to embrace a matrix like organizational structure which could meet the varying market demands. Herein, in most of the cases, every single employee would have two or more than two reporting relationship with product manager and functional manager. Strategy: Starbucks has been on the spree to expand its markets to different parts of the world. The company has introduced a wide range of coffee and many other foot products to meet changing market demands. It is in the same vein that the company is mulling over intensive plans to expand its footprint in Asian market (Trefis Team, 2016). Given its massive plans, it becomes essential that the company adopts a hybrid organizational structure to expand in markets whilst improving customers coffee experience to meet its strategic aspirations. The company has set a strategic goal to increase the number of stores by 12, 000 to touch the mark of 37,000 by 2021 (news.starbucks.com, 2016). Matrix structure allows the company to leverage its resources to improve communication across the management levels. Technology: Starbucks has embraced latest technology solutions to improve its business processes and customer experience across its coffee stores. Soper (2017) has confirmed heavy investment in digital innovation to improve customers ordering processes, effective integration with existing operating systems, reward system and many more. The robust digital infrastructure ensures enhanced customer coffee experience with the company. For instance, the company has come out with a voice ordering app on its iPhone app and Amazons Alexa to reduce the long waiting time in queues outside the stores (Lashinsky, 2017).This improves the business processes and hence engages the customers with the company. Environment: Starbucks corporate environment is integral part of organizational structure. It sets the tone of the entire working culture and helps employees drive business goals. The company instigates positive working environment for the employees to forge strong relationship with each other. Whilst Starbucks stores have warm and welcoming ambiance, the employees are trained to make the customers feel comfortable and develop trust on the company. The company promotes diversity and inclusivity to become a valued place for their customers and employees alike (Leinwand and Davidson, 2016). This helps the company effectively run through the matrix organizational structure as employees bond well with their colleagues and managers. The employees and managers are encouraged to fix the percolating flaws in the corporate environment and encourage positive behaviour for organizational success. Span of control It defines the number of employees under a supervisor. It has potential impact on the work flow and communication across the organizational level. However, the number is not constant for every organization. Span of control has significant role in an organizational setup and influences the organizational structure and by extension the mutual interaction between supervisors and subordinates across various levels of the management (Bandiera et al, 2012). For a narrow span of control, a single manager would have few subordinates, resulting in a tall organizational structure. On the other hand, a wide span of control asserts on the competency of a manager to control a large number of subordinates, thereby resulting in flat organizational structure. Narrow span of control involves large number of managers which could instigate communication issues owing to multiple levels of management unlike wide span of control which dithers away many internal issues within management levels. Google is a search giant with a huge workforce and footprint across the world. The success of the company largely depends on the corporate culture and corporate structure which promotes innovation and excellence in whatever the company does. The span of control for the company has been shot to 10, thereby making the organizational structure flat (Gupta, 2016). It means a single manager would have to control 10 employees at a time. It will increase the work load on managers but reduces the need of middle layer of management and improves communication. However, as the product portfolio widens, the company had to become hierarchical to accommodate all the employee functions. So, the organizational structure stands as a matrix with an optimum level of flatness to eliminate the need of middle level management. The companys organizational structure comprises of three aspects namely function-based, product-based and flat. It may appear complex in the first look, it has played crucial role i n the success and growth of the company. Span of control defines the nature of relations between the leaders and the subordinates. The concept of span of control was introduced by a British general Sir Ian Hamilton in 1922 . Given his experience in British military, he postulated that span of control should be between three and six (Rogers, 1972). This figure sets an ideal limit for other organizations to follow and adopt in their internet set up for improves business results. The issues in the same were later delved by a French management consultant A.V. Graicumas in 1933 wherein he emphasized on the issues emerged due to the relation between the leader and different groups of the subordinates and the relation amongst the subordinates (Rogers, 1972). Later, Urwick (1964) corroborated the concept to a statement according to which no supervisor can control more than five or six subordinates. This concept has raised many issues and has been ignored by academicians, yet managers focus on it to define the relationships between employees across the management levels. The four factors influencing the organizational structure and design are as follows: Size: Google is a huge IT company with over 72,000 employees across the world. As the organization has introduced many products, it had to continuously increase the employee strength for effective management. The company has created a new parent company Alphabet with Larry Page as the CEO whilst Sundar Pichai heads Google (Yarow, 2015). The large size of the company calls for matrix like structure. However, its recent decision to increase span of control has introduced flatness in the tonality. Thus, the existing organizational structure is a mixture of matrix structure with a touch of flatness. Technology: Latest communication technologies and tools improve business efficiency and streamline the communication across management levels. The integration of technologies eliminates many jobs and reduce the management levels, thereby improving the communication between managers and subordinates (Farhanghi, 2013). With the inclusion of advanced technologies, Google potentially improves the flow of communication across different departments and henceforth improves business efficiency. For instance, G Suite is a cloud-based platform that allows a wide variety of mobile apps to effective collaboration and communication amongst the employees (Zarate, n.d.). Such web technologies reduce the gap between managers and subordinates to facilitate effective communication. Strategy: Strategies are integral to influence organizational structure and design. All the basic elements across the organizational structure are changed in order to meet the strategic objectives. For instance, Google had to undergo restructuring once it created new parent company Alphabet (Hern, 2015). There is lot of reshuffling being done to adjust with the dramatic changes. Environment: Corporate environment is essential part of an organization to being coherence in the organizational structure. Google encourages open and honest communication which makes it a desirable organization in the world (Blackiston, 2017). Employees are trained to instigate corporate values and beliefs that support organizational and their professional growth. They provide ample opportunities for employees to open their mind and give suggestions for strategic victory. It results in developing positive relationship between the managers and employees to meet organizational challenges within the corporate structure. Centralization/decentralization Decision making has been a constant function for organizations. Generally, the decision-making authority resides at the top of the management level or it is delegated across low level of management. Organizational structures are important to define if employees at different levels of management have or not have the power to take decisions (Heide, Johansson and Simonsson, 2005). A managerial hierarchy and in extension the organizational structure is governed by the organizational environment and nature of the industry (Alonso, Dessein and Matouschek, 2008). As decision making is integral to sort out business issues and combat challenges, it is important to have a clear understanding of the power and control equation across the managerial hierarchy. This is where centralization and decentralization comes into the main frame. Kates and Galbraith (2007) has elaborated on the perennial discussions around the difference between centralization and decentralization whilst defining organizati onal design. Centralization and decentralization define the delegation of the authority amongst employees across the hierarchy of an organization. A centralized system has decision making authority reserved at the top level with the lower levels restricted to mere execution of the strategic decisions (Siggelkow and Levinthal, 2003). Herein, the top CEO or President makes all the strategic decisions whilst delegating the subordinates to take the deserving action. On the contrary, decentralization promotes delegation of authority to the lower levels of the management and hence the decision-making power spreads across the managerial hierarchy. Apple is worlds leading technological company with more than 1,00,000 employees. It is a perfect example of centralized decision making as the power is in the hands of the CEO Tim Cook. Given its broad product portfolio including the likes of iPhone, iPad, iPod, Mac and huge capital investment, the company requires centralized decision-making structure. The CEO has eleven executives of departments under him to wield control and manage (Apple, Inc., 2012). They have kept the organizational structure sorted out to keep the momentum going for the IT giant. All the top executives are responsible for their respective departments without sharing any cross connection with others. Bajarin (2011) confirmed that the company engages in centralized decision-making. Both the CEO and board of directors collaborate to take the decisions to be followed by employees down the managerial levels of the company (Lashinsky, 2011). It ensures that the top level management gets a clear picture about the ent ire organization and can potentially develops effective business strategies. The concept of centralization of authority came into picture in the Qin Dynasty of China in 221BCE wherein the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang practiced feudalism to exert control over many territories (Chiu, 2017). There were many hierarchies with the central control in the hands of the Emperor while the lower hierarchies conformed to the rigid centralized and bureaucratic rule. Though the Qin Dynasty survived for like 15 years and succumbed to its closure after the death of the king, the impact Qin Shi Huang created was hard to ignore with his principles reflected in businesses in the current century. This autocratic system allows quick decision making with the onus completely on the shoulders of the monarch. However, with the demise of the king, new rules and practices were set in to run the government and military organization. As market competition grows in industries, there is high relevance for making decisions to meet the needs of the end consumers (Karlf, 2012). Thus, there should be delegation of authority to the lower levels to improve the efficiency of the internal communication across the hierarchy of the management. There are factors creating influencing organizational design and structure. The four factors are as follows: Size: Apple is a huge organization with a market cap of $800 billion (Balakrishnan, 2017) and workforce nearing 11, 6000. The launch of iPhone 8 helped the company soar high in the market, and it is expected that it may soon join the trillion club. The company has many products in software and hardware industry. Given its growing boundaries, the company has hierarchical structure with centralized decision-making giving the full control at the top management. Though it will exert more working pressure at the top most managerial level, it gives a clear and transparent job responsibilities to the employees. The organizational structure is rigid and provides less flexibility to turn the line of authority and responsibility. Technology: Apple is a technologically sound company with a large consortium of advanced hardware and software solutions to improve customer services as well as internal business operations. Given its huge leaps made in continuous innovation, the company has created a niche for itself in the global marketspace. The technologies are sound enough to integrate communication across the organizational structure. It helps in improving the relationship between the managers and employees across the hierarchical structure. Strategy: Apple continue to come out with new strategies to meet the dynamic needs of consumers. As the companys product portfolio expanded, the company has to change the product strategies to change the hierarchy to achieve the intended business objectives. However, the companys internal structure is rigid, thereby discouraging too much of flexibility. Nevertheless, the company encourages clear line of authority and responsibility to manage its product portfolio. Environment: Apples corporate environment encourages employees to make continuous efforts to innovate and improve the value of products and services for better market results. The company believes in maintaining secrecy in all of its business ventures to keep the confidential development under wrap (England, 2015). This is precisely one of the prominent reasons that Apples loyal consumers wait with baited breath about the latest offering. The company believes in collaboration amongst the working groups to innovate like never before (Corpas, 2009). Whilst the employees are given free hand to work, they have strong corporate values in line to encourage innovation. Formalization Formalization sets the tone of the working environment of an organization. It is defined in terms of written rules, regulations, employee policies, and job duties of an organization (Price and Mueller, 1986). Formalization defines the nature of working bond between managers and employees to attain common business goals. It is the degree or extent to which employees abide by the rules and regulations imposed by the leadership (Chen, 2013). Most of the business leaders forge clear rules for each and every employee to follow so as to make them part of the strategic goals. If the rules are loosely formed, then indiscipline is likely to cause diversion from the business goals. However, if all the working procedures are well defined, then employees would be engaged in the process of achieving strategic goals. Small companies or startups with informal structure depict low level of formalization as formulation and documentation of such processes is not a priority. Extremely low degree of formalization could result in confusion, poor performance and could result in indiscipline setting in the corporate environment. Sivadas and Dwyer (2000) stated that companies with low formalization are likely to witness ineffectively defined job behavior and employees have liberty to astray from their expected behaviour for the job assigned. On the other hand, large companies with a more organized structure are bound to have proper well laid down working processes and structures. However, formalization in such companies is way too high with multiple layers of communication and decision-making procedures. For instance, many public and old companies have high formalization for employees to follow strict norms. Thus, the formalization should be optimized for organizations to strike a balance between the business-law and working capital. However, another factor influencing the quantum of formalization is the response of the companies towards these activities. For instance, many large companies have bulk of office manuals and rule books to formalize the internal processes whereas many new companies keep it flexible for the employees. It can get tiresome for employees to grasp the tonality of the formalization and then adhere to the same to achieve the organizational objectives. However, formalization brings clarity in job rol es and functioning, thereby improving the relation between managers and the employees across the hierarchy. LA Gear is a US-based lifestyle company which deals in shoes for men, women and kids. The company was created in 1979 and over the years, it has expanded to different consumer markets to explore the growth opportunities. It has adopted slow business growth strategy whilst introducing shoes in different consumer markets. The company has hierarchical organizational structure with product departmentalization. With a workforce of merely 314 employees (Bloomberg, 2017), the company doesnt have tall organizational structure. It has average number of management layers with clearly defined roles and responsibilities for the employees. With product departmentalization, the company aims to organize the business into different strategic units. It displays average level of formalization to make the organizational structure less rigid and constrained. There are factors impacting organizational structure of LA Gear. The four factors are explained below: Size: LA Gear is a mid-level organization with a workforce of more than 300 employees. Found in 1978, the company has slowly expanded to achieve product diversification. Given the average employee size and the market competition, the company has gone with the conventional product-based hierarchical structure. It helps the company project a sorted look across the multiple managerial levels of the organization. Technology: Technology has been leading the battle for the companies to improve the communication between the employees. It influences the way employees behave and render their services across the organizational structure to achieve the business goals. LA Gear has been late in adopting the advanced tools of communication. It is slowly developing IT infrastructure to improve its business operations and other customer processes. The inclusion of softwares and other IT solutions could potentially improve the relationship between the management and the employees. Strategy: LA Gear has adopted business growth strategies to expand to varied consumer markets. It was once making shoes only for women and teen girls and gradually entered into sports and men market (Barringer and Ireland, 2008). Though the company has had seen a rough patch due to poor strategies, it remained focused on market expansion in other consumer segments. This called for basic hierarchical organizational structure to run business functions. Environment: Corporate environment represents the work ethics and values inculcated by the leadership of the management. If managers and employees are trained in same set of principles and moral values, they are likely to collectively work to meet business goals (Lefifi, 2015). It improves the relationship between the leadership and employees, thereby encouraging them to work towards organizations profitability. La Gear is an old organization with traditional approach to manage the business operations. It has ingrained strong work ethics and values for the employees to continue work in the direction of increasing its product portfolio to increase profitability. The roles and responsibilities of the employees are well defined as guided by their supervisors. Conclusion Organizational structure and design are integral part to define the roles and responsibilities of employee across the different managerial hierarchies. There are six essential elements completing organizational structure. There are companies with varying organizational structure depending on their employee size, market size and business nature. Companies such as Tata Motors, Starbucks, LG, Google, and Apple have demonstrated different organizational structure to meet their strategic objectives. For instance, Tata Motors has flat organizational structure whilst LG has hierarchical structure depending on their business needs and wants. However, there are four common contingency factors influencing the shape and design of organizational structure. The factors define their role in modifying the type of organizational structure so as to meet the intended business objectives. 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Malm: Liber Hern, A. 2015. Why Google is restructuring, why the name Alphabet and how it affects you. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/aug/11/google-alphabet-why-change-restructuring-what-it-means Jung-a, S. 2017. LG Electronics seeks to escape Samsungs shadow. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/89e22150-5250-11e7-bfb8-997009366969?mhq5j=e Karlf, B. 2012. Management frn A till : frklaringar till affrslivets viktigaste begrepp och modeller. Tredje utgvan. Stockholm: SIS frlag. Kumar, A. 2017. Tata Motors revamps strategy to regain market share. Retrieved from https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tata-motors-revamps-strategy-to-regain-market-share-117020201084_1.html Lambert, F. 2017. LG is adding production capacity at its battery factory for Chevy Volt, Bolt EV and ChryslerPacifica. Retrieved from https://electrek.co/2017/02/17/lg-production-capacity-chevy-bolt-ev-battery-factory Lashinsky, A. 2017. What Other Companies Can Learn From Starbucks New Voice-Ordering Apps. Retrieved fromhttps://fortune.com/2017/01/31/data-sheet-starbucks-artificial-intelligence/ Lashinsky, A. 2011. From Steve Jobs down to the janitor: How Americas most Successful and most secretive- big company really operates. CNNMoney. https://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/08/25/how-apple-works-inside-the-worlds-biggeststartup/. Lee, Min-Jeong. 2016. LG Electronics Forecasts Strong Results From Strategy Shift. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/lg-electronics-forecasts-strong-results-from-strategy-shift-1460374584 Lefifi, K. 2015. The relationship between Organizational Culture, Structure and Performance. Retrieved from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/relationship-between-organizational-culture-structure-kabelo Leinwand, P. and Davidson, V. 2016. How Starbuckss Culture Brings Its Strategy to Life. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2016/12/how-starbuckss-culture-brings-its-strategy-to-life LG Electronics USA. 2015. 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What Is The Difference Between Elementary And College Student Essay Samples?

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